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<jats:p>Synthetic biology is an emerging field focused on engineering biomolecular systems and cellular capabilities for a variety of applications. Substantial progress began a little over a decade ago with the creation of synthetic gene networks inspired by electrical engineering. Since then, the field has designed and built increasingly complex circuits and constructs and begun to use these systems in a variety of settings, including the clinic. These efforts include the development of synthetic biology therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer, as well as approaches in vaccine development, microbiome engineering, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Here, we highlight advances in the biomedical application of synthetic biology and discuss the field’s clinical potential.</jats:p>

<jats:p>How synthetic can “synthetic biology” be? A literal interpretation of the name of this new life science discipline invokes expectations of the systematic construction of biological systems with cells being built module by module—from the bottom up. But can this possibly be achieved, taking into account the enormous complexity and redundancy of living systems, which distinguish them quite remarkably from design features that characterize human inventions? There are several recent developments in biology, in tight conjunction with quantitative disciplines, that may bring this literal perspective into the realm of the possible. However, such bottom-up engineering requires tools that were originally designed by nature’s greatest tinkerer: evolution.</jats:p>

<jats:p>In our view, synthetic biology is an extension of the continuum of genetic science that has been used safely for more than 40 years by the biotechnology industry in the development of commercial products. Examples of synthetic biology use by biotechnology companies illustrate the potential to substantially reduce research and development time and to increase speed to market. Improvements in the speed and cost of DNA synthesis are enabling scientists to design modified bacterial chromosomes that can be used in the production of renewable chemicals, biofuels, bioproducts, renewable specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, fine chemicals, food ingredients, and health care products. Regulatory options should support innovation and commercial development of new products while protecting the public from potential harms.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The doubling of genomes does not cause increased plant speciation unless the progenitor lineages are highly fit.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The large amount of dust produced by this supernova may help explain the dust observed in young galaxies.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Nonoverlapping hot spots for different classes of taste stimuli map topographically in the mouse insular cortex.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The transmission of light through an atomic gas can be controlled by manipulating the confining cavity.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Independent readout of two single-spin qubits in quantum dots is achieved in an all-electrical setup.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Ferroelectric order in a multiferroic compound is probably caused by small displacements of ions in its crystal lattice.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Confocal microscopy reveals changes in structures formed by suspended particles under different flow conditions.</jats:p>