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<jats:p> The intensities and context of sensory stimuli are encoded by specific neural circuits that instruct behavioral responses. <jats:named-content content-type="related-content"> [Also see Reports by <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1334" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1234133"> Zhang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:related-article> and <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1338" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1236693"> Lin <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:related-article> ] </jats:named-content> </jats:p>

<jats:p> A trapped cloud of cold atoms can be used to simulate magnetism found in condensed matter systems. <jats:named-content content-type="related-content"> [Also see Report by <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1307" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1236362"> Greif <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:related-article> ] </jats:named-content> </jats:p>

<jats:p> Combining 2D materials and 2D metasurfaces enables the fabrication of photonic devices based on extreme interactions between electrons and light. <jats:named-content content-type="related-content"> [Also see Report by <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1311" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1235547"> Britnell <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:related-article> ] </jats:named-content> </jats:p>

<jats:p> Reducing methylation of the protein lamin A may provide a therapeutic target for Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. <jats:named-content content-type="related-content"> [Also see Report by <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1330" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1238880"> Ibrahim <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:related-article> ] </jats:named-content> </jats:p>

<jats:p>Satellite data may enable improved management of regional groundwater reserves.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Converting Polarization</jats:title> <jats:p> The conversion of a light signal from one polarization direction to another plays an important role in communication and metrology. The components that are presently used for polarization conversion, however, tend to be relatively large, which is an issue that can make it difficult to integrate with chip-scale optoelectronic circuits. <jats:bold> Grady <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1304" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1235399">1304</jats:related-article> , published online 16 May) used a metasurfaces approach involving a designed array of cut wires to manipulate the polarization state of the propagating terahertz signals. Proper design of the device structure allowed for the control of the polarization conversion state for both reflected and transmitted light over a broad frequency range. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Fermionic Quantum Magnetism</jats:title> <jats:p> Optical lattices loaded with cold atoms have been used successfully as quantum simulators of condensed matter systems; however, in the case of fermionic quantum magnetism, achieving low enough temperatures has been a major obstacle. <jats:bold> Greif <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1307" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1236362">1307</jats:related-article> , published online 23 May; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1297" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1239873">Porto</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) selectively tuned the exchange interactions in an optical lattice of fermions, forcing a redistribution of entropy such that in the low-entropy subsystem the effective temperature was sufficiently low enough to lead to magnetic correlations. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Atomic Layer Heterostructures—More Is More</jats:title> <jats:p> The isolation of stable layers of various materials, only an atom or several atoms thick, has provided the opportunity to fabricate devices with novel functionality and to probe fundamental physics. <jats:bold> Britnell <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1311" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1235547">1311</jats:related-article> , published online 2 May; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1298" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1239501">Hamm and Hess</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) sandwiched a single layer of the transition metal dichalcogenide WS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> between two sheets of graphene. The photocurrent response of the heterostructure device was enhanced, compared to that of the bare layer of WS <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> . The prospect of combining single or several-atom-thick layers into heterostructures should help to develop materials with a wide range of properties. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Redox Recycling</jats:title> <jats:p> Plate tectonics drive the continuous exchange of material between Earth's crust and mantle. Subduction adds crustal materials to the mantle, which influence the composition of erupted lavas at mid-ocean ridges. Because chemical and physical processes in the mantle change over time as a response to the availability of oxygen, the redox state of mid-ocean ridge basalts may trace the history of recycling between crust and mantle. <jats:bold>Cottrell and Kelley</jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1314" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1233299">1314</jats:related-article> , published online 2 May) analyzed the relation between the oxidation state of iron in a global suite of mid-ocean ridge basalts and tracers for mantle source composition. Over tectonic time scales, the recycling of reduced carbon in ancient crustal sediments may result in the preservation of more reduced zones in the mantle. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Common Water</jats:title> <jats:p> The Moon has been traditionally considered bone-dry, but in recent years a number of studies have shown that during mantle melting, the lunar mantle had as much water as Earth's upper mantle. <jats:bold> Saal <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6138" page="1317" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="340" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1235142">1317</jats:related-article> , published online 9 May; see the cover) measured the isotopic composition of hydrogen dissolved in volcanic glass and olivine-hosted melt inclusions recovered from the Moon by the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. Lunar magmatic water was indistinguishable from the bulk water in carbonaceous chondrites and similar to terrestrial water, implying a common origin for the water contained in the interiors of Earth and the Moon. </jats:p>