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<jats:title>Making the first supermassive black holes</jats:title> <jats:p> Supermassive black holes existed less than a billion years after the Big Bang. Because black holes can grow at a maximum rate that depends on their current mass, it has been difficult to understand how such massive black holes could have formed so quickly. Hirano <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed simulations to show that streaming motions—velocity offsets between the gas and dark matter components—could have produced black holes with tens of thousands of solar masses in the early universe. That's big enough to grow into the supermassive black holes that we observe today. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1375" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aai9119">1375</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Ordering and disordering electrons</jats:title> <jats:p> When a liquid is cooled rapidly, it can form a glass, a state stuck between liquid and solid. Two groups looked in detail into analogous dynamics in electronic systems. Sato <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> and Sasaki <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> studied layered organic materials with a triangular in-plane lattice. These materials can assume a state in which their charge distribution has a regular pattern—an electronic or charge crystal. When the materials were cooled rapidly, a charge glass was formed instead and then allowed to crystallize. The dynamics of crystallization showed similarities to the analogous processes in conventional glasses. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1378" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aal2426">1378</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1389" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao1090">1381</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Ordering and disordering electrons</jats:title> <jats:p> When a liquid is cooled rapidly, it can form a glass, a state stuck between liquid and solid. Two groups looked in detail into analogous dynamics in electronic systems. Sato <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> and Sasaki <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> studied layered organic materials with a triangular in-plane lattice. These materials can assume a state in which their charge distribution has a regular pattern—an electronic or charge crystal. When the materials were cooled rapidly, a charge glass was formed instead and then allowed to crystallize. The dynamics of crystallization showed similarities to the analogous processes in conventional glasses. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1378" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aal2426">1378</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1381" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aal3120">1381</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Imaging a microscopic power struggle</jats:title> <jats:p> Strongly interacting fermions in a two-dimensional lattice form a checkerboard pattern, with spins of opposite directions occupying neighboring sites of the lattice. When an external magnetic field is applied, the situation becomes more complicated—should the spins align with the field, or try to preserve the checkerboard order? Brown <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> studied this problem using <jats:sup>6</jats:sup> Li atoms in an optical lattice with unequal numbers of two spin components; the imbalance between the two played the role of an effective magnetic field. With the field applied, the checkerboard pattern correlations of the spin component perpendicular to the field became stronger than those of the spin component parallel to the field, indicating that the system was approaching the so-called canted antiferromagnetic state. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1385" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aam7838">1385</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Comb quickly through a spectral zoo</jats:title><jats:p>Dual-comb spectroscopy relies on a pair of laser pulses with multiple frequencies distributed like tines in a comb. It is a rapid means of characterizing atoms and molecules in fine detail, but, when applied to complex mixtures, it can produce a sea of peaks that are hard to discriminate. Lomsadze and Cundiff present a protocol to extend dual comb spectroscopy into the nonlinear regime. The cross-peaks that appear in the resulting two-dimensional spectra allow assignment of crowded features to common sources, as demonstrated for an isotopic mixture of<jats:sup>87</jats:sup>Rb and<jats:sup>85</jats:sup>Rb.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Science</jats:italic>, this issue p.<jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1389" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao1090">1389</jats:related-article></jats:p>

<jats:title>A rare-earth quantum memory</jats:title> <jats:p> The development of global quantum networks will require chip-scale optically addressable quantum memories for quantum state storage, manipulation, and state swapping. Zhong <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> fabricated a nanostructured photonic crystal cavity in a rare-earth-doped material to form a high-fidelity quantum memory (see the Perspective by Waks and Goldschmidt). The cavity enhanced the light-matter interaction, allowing quantum states to be stored and retrieved from the memory on demand. The high fidelity and small footprint of the device offer a powerful building block for a quantum information platform. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1392" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aan5959">1392</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1354" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao2437">1354</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Getting to the guts of mosquito control</jats:title> <jats:p> Malaria persistently evades our best efforts to eliminate it. Pike <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> genetically modified malaria vector mosquitoes to be more immune-resistant to infection by the parasite, which altered the composition of the mosquitoes' gut bacteria. Genetically modified male (female) mosquitoes preferentially mated with wild-type females (males). Ten generations later, the genetically modified mosquitoes constituted 90% of a caged population without losing resistance to the malaria parasite. In an alternative strategy, Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> engineered mosquitoes' gut bacteria. A strain of nonpathogenic bacteria, AS1, was both sexually and transgenerationally transmitted. The strain infected a laboratory population of mosquitoes and persisted for at least three generations. AS1 engineered to inhibit malaria parasite development in the midgut could do so without handicapping the mosquitoes. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1396" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aak9691">1396</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1399" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aan5478">1399</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Getting to the guts of mosquito control</jats:title> <jats:p> Malaria persistently evades our best efforts to eliminate it. Pike <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> genetically modified malaria vector mosquitoes to be more immune-resistant to infection by the parasite, which altered the composition of the mosquitoes' gut bacteria. Genetically modified male (female) mosquitoes preferentially mated with wild-type females (males). Ten generations later, the genetically modified mosquitoes constituted 90% of a caged population without losing resistance to the malaria parasite. In an alternative strategy, Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> engineered mosquitoes' gut bacteria. A strain of nonpathogenic bacteria, AS1, was both sexually and transgenerationally transmitted. The strain infected a laboratory population of mosquitoes and persisted for at least three generations. AS1 engineered to inhibit malaria parasite development in the midgut could do so without handicapping the mosquitoes. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1396" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aak9691">1396</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1399" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aan5478">1399</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Long-distance life rafting</jats:title> <jats:p> When coastal ecosystems are affected by storms or tsunamis, organisms can be rafted across oceans on floating debris. However, such events are rarely observed, still less quantified. Carlton <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> chart the rafting journeys of coastal marine organisms across the Pacific Ocean after the 2011 East Japan earthquake and tsunami (see the Perspective by Chown). Of the nearly 300 mainly invertebrate species that reached the shores of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, most arrived attached to the remains of manmade structures. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1402" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao1498">1402</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1356" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao5677">1356</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Brain circuits that modulate sociability</jats:title> <jats:p> Understanding the neural mechanisms that mediate social reward has important societal and clinical implications. Hung <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that release of the neuropeptide oxytocin in the ventral tegmental area of the brain increased prosocial behaviors in mice (see the Perspective by Preston). Optogenetic manipulation of oxytocin release influenced sociability in a context-dependent manner. Oxytocin increased activity in dopamine cells that project to the nucleus accumbens, another key node of reward circuitry in the brain. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1406" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aan4994">1406</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6358" page="1353" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="357" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao7192">1353</jats:related-article> </jats:p>