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<jats:title>Splitting the entanglement</jats:title> <jats:p> When particles in a quantum mechanical system are entangled, a measurement performed on one part of the system can affect the results of the same type of measurement performed on another part—even if these subsystems are physically separated. Kunkel <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> , Fadel <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> , and Lange <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> achieved this so-called distributed entanglement in a particularly challenging setting: an ensemble of many cold atoms (see the Perspective by Cavalcanti). In all three studies, the entanglement was first created within an atomic cloud, which was then allowed to expand. Local measurements on the different, spatially separated parts of the cloud confirmed that the entanglement survived the expansion. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="413" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao2254">413</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="409" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao1850">409</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="416" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao2035">416</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="376" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat4590">376</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Light and acid steer a radical addition</jats:title> <jats:p> So-called Minisci reactions have been used for decades in pharmaceutical and agrochemical synthesis to make carbon-carbon bonds. The reactions link carbon radicals to the carbon centers adjacent to nitrogen in pyridine rings. Proctor <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> devised a method to steer these reactions to just one of two possible mirror-image products. To make the radicals, they prepared derivatives of widely available amino acids and then activated them with an iridium photocatalyst. At the same time, a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst was used to activate the pyridine and bias the reaction geometry. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="419" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar6376">419</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Watching proteins' weight</jats:title> <jats:p> Careful measurements of light scattering can provide information on individual macromolecules and complexes. Young <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> used a light-scattering approach for accurate mass determination of proteins as small as 20 kDa (see the Perspective by Lee and Klenerman). Movies of protein complex association and dissociation were analyzed to extract biophysical parameters from single molecules and assemblies without labeling. Using this approach, the authors determined in vitro kinetics of fibril and aggregate growth and association constants for a complex protein-glycoprotein assembly. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="423" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar5839">423</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="378" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat5851">378</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Haunted by the past</jats:title> <jats:p> Reducing the extent of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico will not be as easy as reducing agricultural nitrogen use. Van Meter <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> report that so much nitrogen from runoff has accumulated in the Mississippi River basin that, even if future agricultural nitrogen inputs are eliminated, it will still take 30 years to realize the 60% decrease in load needed to reduce eutrophication in the Gulf. This legacy effect means that a dramatic shift in land-use practices, which may not be compatible with current levels of agricultural production, will be needed to control hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="427" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar4462">427</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Memories are stored in synapses</jats:title> <jats:p> Memory formation is thought to change the strength of synaptic connections between neurons. However, direct measurements between neurons that participate in a learning process are difficult to obtain. Choi <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed the “dual-eGRASP” technique to identify synaptic connections between hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells. This method could label two different sets of synapses so that their convergence on the same dendrites would be quantified. After contextual fear conditioning in mice, the number and size of spines were increased on CA1 engram cells receiving input from CA3 engram cells. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="430" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aas9204">430</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Taking CRISPR technology further</jats:title> <jats:p> CRISPR techniques are allowing the development of technologies for nucleic acid detection (see the Perspective by Chertow). Taking advantages of the distinctive enzymatic properties of CRISPR enzymes, Gootenberg <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an improved nucleic acid detection technology for multiplexed quantitative and highly sensitive detection, combined with lateral flow for visual readout. Myhrvold <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> added a sample preparation protocol to create a field-deployable viral diagnostic platform for rapid detection of specific strains of pathogens in clinical samples. Cas12a (also known as Cpf1), a type V CRISPR protein, cleaves double-stranded DNA and has been adapted for genome editing. Chen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> discovered that Cas12a also processes single-stranded DNA threading activity. A technology platform based on this activity detected human papillomavirus in patient samples with high sensitivity. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="439" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaq0179">439</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="444" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aas8836">444</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="436" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar6245">436</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="381" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat4982">381</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Taking CRISPR technology further</jats:title> <jats:p> CRISPR techniques are allowing the development of technologies for nucleic acid detection (see the Perspective by Chertow). Taking advantages of the distinctive enzymatic properties of CRISPR enzymes, Gootenberg <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an improved nucleic acid detection technology for multiplexed quantitative and highly sensitive detection, combined with lateral flow for visual readout. Myhrvold <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> added a sample preparation protocol to create a field-deployable viral diagnostic platform for rapid detection of specific strains of pathogens in clinical samples. Cas12a (also known as Cpf1), a type V CRISPR protein, cleaves double-stranded DNA and has been adapted for genome editing. Chen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> discovered that Cas12a also processes single-stranded DNA threading activity. A technology platform based on this activity detected human papillomavirus in patient samples with high sensitivity. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="439" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaq0179">439</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="444" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aas8836">444</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="436" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar6245">436</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="381" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat4982">381</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Taking CRISPR technology further</jats:title> <jats:p> CRISPR techniques are allowing the development of technologies for nucleic acid detection (see the Perspective by Chertow). Taking advantages of the distinctive enzymatic properties of CRISPR enzymes, Gootenberg <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an improved nucleic acid detection technology for multiplexed quantitative and highly sensitive detection, combined with lateral flow for visual readout. Myhrvold <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> added a sample preparation protocol to create a field-deployable viral diagnostic platform for rapid detection of specific strains of pathogens in clinical samples. Cas12a (also known as Cpf1), a type V CRISPR protein, cleaves double-stranded DNA and has been adapted for genome editing. Chen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> discovered that Cas12a also processes single-stranded DNA threading activity. A technology platform based on this activity detected human papillomavirus in patient samples with high sensitivity. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="439" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaq0179">439</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="444" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aas8836">444</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="436" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aar6245">436</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="381" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat4982">381</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Immunometabolism as therapeutic target</jats:title> <jats:p> Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory compound used to treat multiple sclerosis and psoriasis whose mechanisms of action remain only partially understood. Kornberg <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that DMF and its metabolite, monomethyl fumarate, succinate the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH (see the Perspective by Matsushita and Pearce). After DMF treatment, GAPDH was inactivated, and aerobic glycolysis was down-regulated in both myeloid and lymphoid cells. This resulted in down-modulated immune responses because inflammatory immune-cell subsets require aerobic glycolysis. Thus, metabolism can serve as a viable therapeutic target in autoimmune disease. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="449" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aan4665">449</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6387" page="377" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="360" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat4984">377</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:p>Nestled next to the natural beauty of West Lake, the city of Hangzhou is the most populous and popular destination in Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. It provides the backdrop for one of China’s oldest universities, Hangzhou Normal University. Established in 1908 as the Zhejiang Official Secondary Normal School, the university has grown to become a respected educational institution encompassing two faculties (Education and Medical Science), 18 schools, and a teaching hospital, with over 17,000 undergraduate and 2,700 graduate students.</jats:p> <jats:p>Despite its size and accomplishments over the past 110 years, the university is still growing, developing, and improving. With a focus on both education and research, it is constantly striving to extract the best quality research from its faculty and to produce students eminently qualified to join the workforce as productive and useful members of society.</jats:p> <jats:p>Within this supplement, we have striven to provide a representative sampling of the exceptional research currently being conducted at the university, the range of which is both deep and broad. A common theme is that the authors are attempting to push scientific boundaries while remaining focused on asking questions and finding solutions that will benefit their society and drive progress in China.</jats:p> <jats:p> This special supplement brought to you by the <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> /AAAS Custom Publishing Office. </jats:p>