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<jats:p> Wolf and Ziska suggest that soil and species attributes can explain an unexpected 20-year reversal of C <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> -C <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> grass responses to elevated CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> . This is consistent with our original interpretation; however, we disagree with the assertion that such explanations somehow render our results irrelevant for questioning a long-standing paradigm of plant response to CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> based on C <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> -C <jats:sub>4</jats:sub> differences in photosynthetic pathway. </jats:p>

<jats:title>The first step in Hedgehog signaling</jats:title> <jats:p> The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is important in embryogenesis; overactivation is associated with cancer. Central to the pathway is the membrane receptor Patched 1 (Ptch1), which indirectly inhibits a G protein–coupled receptor called Smoothened. This inhibition is relieved when Ptch1 binds the secreted protein Hh. Gong <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> report the cryo–electron microscopy structures of human Ptch1 alone and in complex with its Hh ligand at 3.9 and 3.6 Å, respectively. Both structures include two steroid-shaped densities, and mutational analysis indicates that the interaction between Ptch1 and Hh is steroid-dependent. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6402" page="eaas8935" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="361" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aas8935">eaas8935</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:p>For 5 days, starting 19 August, Saudi Arabia will host the Hajj, the world's largest annual religious pilgrimage, where people from over 180 countries will converge on Mecca. Infectious disease transmission associated with this mass transnational movement of people is well known—malaria in 632 CE, meningitis in 1987 and 2000, polio in 2004, and pandemic influenza in 2009. As the former Deputy Minister of Public Health for Saudi Arabia, I know how immense the challenge is to ensure that the country is prepared to contain the spread of infectious disease and maintain public well-being during this event. Although major progress has been made over the past 30 years in Saudi Arabia and in pilgrimage countries, there is still much more to do to avoid a health catastrophe, given that the pilgrim quota may grow to 2.2 million by 2020.</jats:p>

<jats:p>A roundup of weekly science policy and related news.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Timing and extent of ancient drought used to define the Meghalayan are uncertain.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Cuts at historic nonprofit leave grantees fuming.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Cichlid speciation helped by pre-existing genetic variation.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Some 'ōhi'a trees resist foreign fungi—and fencing out animals can also protect the trees from fatal infections.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Researchers use powerful synchrotron radiation to profile cell types.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Importing an exotic species for pest control takes years of preparation. What happens when it arrives on its own?</jats:p>