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<jats:title>A close view of the paraventricular thalamus</jats:title> <jats:p> The paraventricular thalamus is a relay station connecting brainstem and hypothalamic signals that represent internal states with the limbic forebrain that performs associative functions in emotional contexts. Zhu <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that paraventricular thalamic neurons represent multiple salient features of sensory stimuli, including reward, aversiveness, novelty, and surprise. The nucleus thus provides context-dependent salience encoding. The thalamus gates sensory information and contributes to the sleep-wake cycle through its interactions with the cerebral cortex. Ren <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> recorded from neurons in the paraventricular thalamus and observed that both population and single-neuron activity were tightly coupled with wakefulness. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="423" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat0481">423</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="429" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat2512">429</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>A close view of the paraventricular thalamus</jats:title> <jats:p> The paraventricular thalamus is a relay station connecting brainstem and hypothalamic signals that represent internal states with the limbic forebrain that performs associative functions in emotional contexts. Zhu <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that paraventricular thalamic neurons represent multiple salient features of sensory stimuli, including reward, aversiveness, novelty, and surprise. The nucleus thus provides context-dependent salience encoding. The thalamus gates sensory information and contributes to the sleep-wake cycle through its interactions with the cerebral cortex. Ren <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> recorded from neurons in the paraventricular thalamus and observed that both population and single-neuron activity were tightly coupled with wakefulness. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="423" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat0481">423</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="429" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat2512">429</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Salt and iron ease the way to amines</jats:title> <jats:p> Adding nitrogen to carbon compounds is often a laborious process. The nitrogen typically needs protection to prevent undesired reactivity, and the protecting groups can be hard to remove afterward. Legnani <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> report a versatile method to add unadorned NH <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> from a hydroxylamine derivative directly to a double-bonded carbon center. A simple iron catalyst manipulates chloride from table salt onto the adjacent carbon through a radical mechanism, where it is poised for a wide variety of further functionalization options. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="434" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat3863">434</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Shrinking synchrotron generation</jats:title> <jats:p> The generation of synchrotron radiation is typically achieved by accelerating charges in large magnetic fields. Synchrotron facilities are usually the realm of large international organizations. Henstridge <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> show that the interaction of a femtosecond light pulse moving in an arc on a specially designed metasurface can also generate synchrotron radiation. In this case, the synchrotron radiation at terahertz frequencies was produced by the nonlinear polarization induced by the light pulse. The results hold promise for the development of powerful on-chip light sources. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="439" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat5915">439</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>A preference for ethane</jats:title> <jats:p> Industrial production of ethylene requires its separation from ethane in a cryogenic process that consumes large amounts of energy. An alternative would be differential sorption in microporous materials. Most of these materials bind ethylene more strongly that ethane, but adsorption of ethane would be more efficient. Li <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that a metal-organic framework containing iron-peroxo sites bound ethane more strongly than ethylene and could be used to separate the gases at ambient conditions. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="443" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat0586">443</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Single photons from inflated atoms</jats:title> <jats:p> Single-photon emitters are of interest for many applications, such as quantum sensing and quantum secure communication. Although efficient on-demand solid-state sources based on quantum dots, defect color centers in diamond, and single molecules are available, most of these systems require cryogenic temperatures for optimal performance. Ripka <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> used a cloud of warm excited rubidium atoms confined to a gas cell and exploited the exaggerated interaction of Rydberg states to generate single photons on demand. The results demonstrate the viability of atomic gases for application in the development of quantum technologies. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="446" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aau1949">446</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Staying in the black phase</jats:title> <jats:p> Hybrid perovskite solar cells often use the more thermally stable formamidinium (FA) cation rather than methylammonium, but its larger size can create lattice distortion that results in an inactive yellow phase. Turren-Cruz <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> show that by using iodide instead of bromide as the anion (to create a redder bandgap) and an optical mix of cesium, rubidium, and FA cations, they can make solar cells with a stabilized efficiency of more than 20%. No heating steps above 100°C were needed to create the preferred black phase. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="449" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat3583">449</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Transmission of the gut community</jats:title> <jats:p> Natural transmission of the mammalian microbiota is poorly understood. Some genera of bacteria are transmitted from mothers to offspring, whereas others are acquired from the wider environment. Moeller <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> derived inbred mouse lines from two wild populations of mice with distinct microbiota and monitored the populations' microbiomes for 3 years while they were kept in the same animal facility. The microbiota of the two mouse lineages remained distinct even after 10 generations. Most microbiota genera transmitted vertically. Those taxa that transmitted horizontally through the shared environment of the animal facility tended to be those that include pathogens. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="453" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aat7164">453</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Showing their stripes</jats:title> <jats:p> The adaptive radiation of East African cichlids has led to more than 1200 species across a number of lakes. Across these species, many convergent traits have emerged, including the presence or absence of horizontal stripes. Kratochwil <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> show that the appearance or loss of stripes is related to changes in the <jats:italic>agouti-related peptide 2</jats:italic> gene, which acts as a kind of on-off switch for stripe generation (see the Perspective by Gante). This action has enabled rapid and repeated evolution of stripes across this speciose radiation. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="457" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao6809">457</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6413" page="396" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aav3373">396</jats:related-article> </jats:p>