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<jats:title>Replaying the tape of life</jats:title> <jats:p> The evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould once dreamed about replaying the tape of life in order to identify whether evolution is more subject to deterministic or contingent forces. Greater influence of determinism would mean that outcomes are more repeatable and less subject to variations of history. Contingency, on the other hand, suggests that outcomes are contingent on specific events, making them less repeatable. Blount <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> review the numerous studies that have been done since Gould put forward this question, both experimental and observational, and find that many patterns of adaptation are convergent. Nevertheless, there is still much variation with regard to the mechanisms and forms that converge. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aam5979">eaam5979</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Dendritic cells give mast cells a nudge</jats:title> <jats:p> Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction triggered after antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies bind to target allergens. These antibodies then cross-link IgE-specific Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells. The mast cells rapidly release inflammatory mediators, including histamine, resulting in smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, and blood vessel leakage. Because mast cells are usually found in the perivascular abluminal surface of blood vessels, it has been unclear how blood-borne allergens can interact with them. Choi <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> used live intravital imaging of the mouse vasculature to show that a specialized subset of dendritic cells sample blood-borne antigens and relay them to mast cells on the surface of microvesicles (see the Perspective by Levi-Schaffer and Scheffel). IgE-bound mast cells then vigorously degranulate after contact with these microvesicles. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aao0666">eaao0666</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6415" page="640" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="362" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aav4505">640</jats:related-article> </jats:p>