Catálogo de publicaciones - revistas

<jats:title>Ancestry and evolution in cell biology</jats:title> <jats:p> Advances in experimental approaches for single-cell analysis allow in situ sequencing, genomic barcoding, and mapping of cell lineages within tissues and organisms. Large amounts of data have thus accumulated and present an analytical challenge. Stadler <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> recognized the need for conceptual and computational approaches to fully exploit these technological advances for the understanding of normal and disease states. The authors review ideas taken from phylodynamics of infectious disease and show how similar tree-building techniques can be applied to monitoring changes in somatic cell lineages for applications ranging from development and differentiation to cancer biology. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aah6266">eaah6266</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Type 1 immunity gives fungi a foothold</jats:title> <jats:p> Type 17 immune responses play a vital role against fungal infections of the mucosa. It remains unclear whether other types of immune responses can also contribute to host defense against these pathogens. The yeast <jats:italic>Candida albicans</jats:italic> prominently infects patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), an inherited disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the <jats:italic>AIRE</jats:italic> gene. Break <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> report that the oral susceptibility of <jats:italic>Aire</jats:italic> -deficient mice to <jats:italic>C. albicans</jats:italic> is not due to aberrant type 17 responses. Rather, the overproduction of interferon-γ by local CD4 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> and CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells in these mice disrupts the epithelial barrier, which increases susceptibility to <jats:italic>C. albicans</jats:italic> invasion. Similar type 1 immune pathways are operational in APECED patients. Inhibition of interferon-γ or the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in mice ameliorates disease symptoms, suggesting potential future therapeutic interventions for certain classes of fungal disease. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aay5731">eaay5731</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Time and intimacy drive transmission</jats:title> <jats:p> A minority of people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmit most infections. How does this happen? Sun <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> reconstructed transmission in Hunan, China, up to April 2020. Such detailed data can be used to separate out the relative contribution of transmission control measures aimed at isolating individuals relative to population-level distancing measures. The authors found that most of the secondary transmissions could be traced back to a minority of infected individuals, and well over half of transmission occurred in the presymptomatic phase. Furthermore, the duration of exposure to an infected person combined with closeness and number of household contacts constituted the greatest risks for transmission, particularly when lockdown conditions prevailed. These findings could help in the design of infection control policies that have the potential to minimize both virus transmission and economic strain. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" related-article-type="in-this-issue" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abe2424">eabe2424</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:p> Günther <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . report that their control experiment using randomized magnetic field gradient sequences disagreed with findings we had reported using linear gradients. However, we show that measurements in our laboratory are consistent using both methods. </jats:p>

<jats:p> The apparent “boosted mobility” observed by Wang <jats:italic>et al</jats:italic> . (Reports, 31 July 2020, p. 537) is the result of a known artifact. When signal intensities are changing during a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusion measurement for reasons other than diffusion, the use of monotonically increasing gradient amplitudes produces erroneous diffusion coefficients. We show that no boosted molecular mobility is observed when shuffled gradient amplitudes are applied. </jats:p>

<jats:p>In the age of the internet, there's no such thing as a private debate. But is that bad for science? Some scientists have had misgivings. When debates in any sector move beyond the halls of universities and government agencies, there is potential for misuse of information and public confusion. But open debate can also foster communication among scientists and between the scientific community and the public. During the pandemic, open debate on research, health, and policy—whether on television, in newspapers, or on social media—widened public attention and encouraged more diverse voices. If this trend spurs scientists to agree more quickly about the best solutions to our problems—and at the same time helps the public “see” the process of scientific discourse more clearly—then this is good for everyone, including scientists.</jats:p>

<jats:p>California's ballot measures often reveal much about the broader U.S. policy environment. This is particularly true of the approval by the state's voters in November of Proposition 14, The California Stem Cell Research, Treatments, and Cures Initiative of 2020. Proposition 14 extends the 2004 ballot Proposition 71, which established the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) and authorized $3 billion in state-issued bonds for CIRM to fund stem cell and regenerative research and medicine (restricted to California). Proposition 14, which authorizes $5.5 billion over the next 10 years to continue CIRM's work, succeeded in part by informing voters of CIRM's successes and that its conflict-of-interest provisions are extremely strong. This state-level action is critical because, contrary to opponents' opinions, the overall policy environment for human stem cell research in the United States is in some ways worse now than when Proposition 71 passed.</jats:p>

<jats:p>A roundup of weekly science policy and related news.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Major shifts on climate and science policy expected, but political obstacles abound.</jats:p>