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<jats:title>A-Maize-ing</jats:title> <jats:p> Maize is one of our oldest and most important crops, having been domesticated approximately 9000 years ago in central Mexico. <jats:bold> Schnable <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1112" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178534">1112</jats:related-article> ; see the cover) present the results of sequencing the B73 inbred maize line. The findings elucidate how maize became diploid after an ancestral doubling of its chromosomes and reveals transposable element movement and activity and recombination. <jats:bold> Vielle-Calzada <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1078" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178437">1078</jats:related-article> ) have sequenced the <jats:italic>Palomero Toluqueño</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic>Palomero</jats:italic> ) landrace, a highland popcorn from Mexico, which, when compared to the B73 line, reveals multiple loci impacted by domestication. <jats:bold> Swanson-Wagner <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1118" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178294">1118</jats:related-article> ) exploit possession of the genome to analyze expression differences occurring between lines. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations among lines was used by <jats:bold> Gore <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1115" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1177837">1115</jats:related-article> ) to generate a Haplotype map of maize. While chromosomal diversity in maize is high, it is likely that recombination is the major force affecting the levels of heterozygosity in maize. The availability of the maize genome will help to guide future agricultural and biofuel applications (see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="5956" page="1071" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1183463">Feuillet and Eversole</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). </jats:p>

<jats:title>A-Maize-ing</jats:title> <jats:p> Maize is one of our oldest and most important crops, having been domesticated approximately 9000 years ago in central Mexico. <jats:bold> Schnable <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1112" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178534">1112</jats:related-article> ; see the cover) present the results of sequencing the B73 inbred maize line. The findings elucidate how maize became diploid after an ancestral doubling of its chromosomes and reveals transposable element movement and activity and recombination. <jats:bold> Vielle-Calzada <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1078" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178437">1078</jats:related-article> ) have sequenced the <jats:italic>Palomero Toluqueño</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic>Palomero</jats:italic> ) landrace, a highland popcorn from Mexico, which, when compared to the B73 line, reveals multiple loci impacted by domestication. <jats:bold> Swanson-Wagner <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1118" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1178294">1118</jats:related-article> ) exploit possession of the genome to analyze expression differences occurring between lines. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations among lines was used by <jats:bold> Gore <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1115" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1177837">1115</jats:related-article> ) to generate a Haplotype map of maize. While chromosomal diversity in maize is high, it is likely that recombination is the major force affecting the levels of heterozygosity in maize. The availability of the maize genome will help to guide future agricultural and biofuel applications (see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="5956" page="1071" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1183463">Feuillet and Eversole</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). </jats:p>

<jats:title>Gardening for Ants and Termites</jats:title> <jats:p> Among the social insects, ants and termites are the most diverse and ecologically dominant. Termites are known to engage in a mutualism with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and <jats:bold> Pinto-Tomás <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1120" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1173036">1120</jats:related-article> ) have identified similar relationships occurring among leaf-cutter ants, which maintain specialized nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their fungus gardens. Together, these mutualisms are a major source of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems. How is the evolutionary stability of such mutualistic cooperation maintained? <jats:bold> Aanen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1103" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1173462">1103</jats:related-article> ) show that the <jats:italic>Termitomyces</jats:italic> fungus cultured by termites remains highly related because mycelia of the same clone fuse together and grow more efficiently to out-compete rare clones. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Anti-HIV Antibody Constraints</jats:title> <jats:p> Despite significant efforts, an effective vaccine against the HIV-1 virus remains elusive. A site on the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein that binds to the CD4 receptor on host cells is vulnerable to antibody, but only rarely are antibodies against this site broadly neutralizing. <jats:bold> L. Chen <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1123" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1175868">1123</jats:related-article> ) have determined crystal structures for two weakly neutralizing antibodies in complex with gp120. The epitopes recognized by these antibodies were similar to those bound by CD4 or a broadly neutralizing antibody. However, small differences in recognition induced conformational shifts in gp120 that were incompatible with formation of a functional viral spike. Thus, the antibody-vulnerable site on HIV-1 is protected by conformational constraints. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Dysbindin Function in Synaptic Homeostasis</jats:title> <jats:p> Homeostatic signaling systems are widely believed to stabilize neural function over prolonged periods of time. However, the molecular mechanisms of homeostatic signaling in the nervous system are largely unknown, and direct links between defective homeostatic signaling and disease-causing genes remain obscure. <jats:bold>Dickman and Davis</jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1127" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="326" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1179685">1127</jats:related-article> ) performed a large-scale, electrophysiology-based genetic screen for mutations that specifically disrupt synaptic homeostasis. DTNBP1 is one of two genes that are most strongly and consistently associated with schizophrenia susceptibility in humans. The <jats:italic>Drosophila</jats:italic> homolog of DTNBP1 (dysbindin) was identified in the screen and was found to function during synapse development, baseline neurotransmission, and synaptic homeostasis. Dysbindin altered the calcium-dependence of vesicle release and was essential in the presynaptic neuron for both the induction and expression of synaptic homeostasis. </jats:p>

<jats:p>The show includes the demise of Pleistocene megafauna, strengthening memories during sleep, cleaning up oil mine reclamation, and more.</jats:p>

<jats:p>A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.</jats:p>