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T his chapter is the first of three chapters containing design patterns that style text. The next chapter discusses how to put space around text. Chapter 12 discusses how to align text. Strictly speaking, this is the only chapter that actually styles text. The following two chapters style inline elements , which can contain text or be replaced by images, objects, controls, movies, and so on.

T his chapter discusses design patterns that put horizontal and vertical space around inline elements, which may contain text, images, objects, controls, and so on. This chapter contains the following design patterns: Spacing shows how to space text and content. It simply groups together the many properties built into CSS that put space around and between blocks, text, and content. Blocked shows how to render an inline element as a block element. This is a very important design pattern that is often combined with other patterns. Nowrap shows how to prevent the browser from wrapping text across lines. Preserved shows how to render whitespace in a document instead of collapsing it. Code shows how to mark up computer code, render it inline, display it as a block, preserve whitespace, and prevent it from being wrapped across lines. Padded Content shows how to put space around inline content to emphasize it. Inline Spacer shows how to insert a horizontal spacer into a line to put a precise amount of distance between content. Inline Decoration shows how to insert a decoration into a line. A decoration is style— not content. It lets you insert a colored background, a textured background, or a background image into the flow You can put borders around it. You can use it to push content apart, to overlap prior content, and to underlap following content. Linebreak shows how to insert four different types of linebreaks into your document that can add extra space between lines or shrink the distance between lines. Inline Horizontal Rule shows how to insert a horizontal rule using an inline element. You can style the horizontal rule with images, borders, margins, and so on. This allows you to put extra space between lines, to overlap prior lines, and to underlap following lines. An inline horizontal rule is particularly useful because you can use an inline element anywhere. HTML’s horizontal rule is a block element and has limited styling options.

T his chapter discusses design patterns that align text and content horizontally and vertically to their containing blocks. These alignment patterns work in the normal flow without using absolute or relative positioning.

T he main purpose of this chapter is to show various ways you can emphasize document structure by styling blocks. Many design patterns in other chapters apply to blocks, but this chapter contains patterns specific to styling block elements to reveal document structure.

T his chapter shows how to use images to create beautiful and functional documents that remain accessible and download quickly.

T ables are one of the most useful and complex structures in HTML. This is the first of two chapters on tables. This chapter explores the HTML structure of tables and how you can style them. The next chapter explores the many ways you can automatically lay out columns in tables. The purpose of tables is to identify and style tabular data.

B rowsers have many built-in capabilities for automatically sizing columns in tables. This chapter shows how to harness these automatic features to shrinkwrap columns, size them to specific widths, size them proportionally to each other, size them proportionally to their content, size them equally, size them flexibly, and undersize or oversize them.

T his chapter shows how to create fluid layouts, which automatically adapt to different devices, fonts, widths, and zoom factors. These design patterns are accessible, modular, and easily customized. The dynamic patterns use open source JavaScript libraries to attach event handlers to elements. This allows you to create dynamic effects without putting a single line of JavaScript in your document! The libraries use CSS selectors to determine which elements to process in response to events, and they can modify the class attribute of elements so your stylesheet has complete control over how events dynamically style an element.

T his chapter discusses design patterns that create drop caps. A drop cap dramatically styles the first letter of a document to signal that it is the beginning of a document. Sometimes it is used at the beginning of a major section of a longer document. Sometimes it styles a word instead of just the first letter.

T his chapter discusses design patterns that create callouts and quotes . A callout is a key point pulled out of the document to grab a reader’s attention so he or she will read the document and remember the point after having read it. A callout is repeated twice in a document: once as part of the body of the document and once again for display as a callout. A callout is displayed prominently so the reader cannot miss it. Because a callout is extracted from a document’s text, it is often an inline element, although it could be a block element.