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Se estudiaron algunas propiedades del sistema visual de la vinchuca Triatoma infestans. La cuantificación de la respuesta fototáctica negativa de este insecto permitió: 1) establecer el umbral de sensibilidad de la respuesta a la luz blanca (<0.009 μW/cm²);2) demostrar que esta respuesta muestra una variación diaria, siendo mucho mayor durante la noche que durante el día; 3) demostrar que dicho ritmo es de naturaleza endógena, es decir, independiente de los ciclos luz-oscuridad; 4) demostrar la capacidad de los ocelos para mediar por si mismos la respuesta fototáctica; 5) estudiar la sensibilidad espectral de los ojos compuestos de T. infestans, la que fue establecida entre 357 nm (ultravioleta) y 665 nm (rojo lejano); 6) estudiar la dependencia de esta respuesta con la edad y las mutaciones. Por otra parte, mediante técnicas de morfología funcional se estudió la estructura de las omatidias y sus variaciones según el estado de adaptación y el momento del día. Estas variaciones incluyen movimientos de pigmento pantalla y cambios en la distancia focal, que permiten al ojo adaptarse a las condiciones de luz del ambiente. Estos cambios están bajo control de un oscilador endógeno. Se estudió, además, la interacción entre claves olfativas (presentes en las heces de este insecto) y visuales en el comportamiento de agregación de T. infestans. Los resultados muestran que existe una competencia y/o jerarquía entre las señales de distinta modalidad, dependiente de la composición espectral del estímulo visual. Finalmente, se midieron las condiciones luminosas (intensidad y composición espectral de la luz) en un ambiente natural, las que fueron relacionadas con los resultados presentados en este trabajo de Tesis.

Considerando que existe mayor probabilidad en la expresión de genes entre bacterias relacionadas, se obtuvo una colección de cepas del género Thiobacillus seleccionadas según los fenotipos asociados a resistencias de tipo enzimático a distintos metales inhibidores. Entre estas cepas se seleccionaron aquéllas que presentaron resistencias múltiples a los iones metálicos que son inhibidores de T. ferrooxidans con la expectativa de que, al igual que sucede en otras especies, estas resistencias pudieran estar codificadas en un plásmido único. Se determinaron los patrones plasmídicos y se purificaron los plásmidos de las cepas con resistencias múltiples. Uno de estos plásmidos fue transferido a una cepa de E. coli, obteniéndose un notable incremento en las resistencias a los iones metálicos inhibidores de T. ferrooxidans (Hg²+, Ag+, Cd²+, Te2O3=, A6O2-, y HA6O4=), en asociación con los fenotipos característicos. Esto indicó que el plásmido codifica resistencias múltiples a dichos iones, cuyos genes provienen de una especie de Thiobacillus. Por enriquecimiento y aislamientos a partir de muestras de minerales nacionales se constituyó un banco de cepas bacterianas que responden a las caracteristicas de T. ferrooxidans. Se analizó el crecimiento de las cepas así obtenidas, comparandolo con una cepa de colección de T. ferrooxidans en medio ferroso agarizado, a fin de obtener un método adecuado de plaqueo. Se descubrió que el principal problema en la obtención de colonias en corto tiempo, reside en el contenido de agua del medio. Se desarrolló también un método de obtención de colonias en un medio ferroso sin agarizar, constituido por una fina capa de sales depositadas sobre el vidrio de una placa. El requerimiento de un alto grado de deshidratación del medio, para el crecimiento rápido de estas bacterias, permite caracterizarlas como microorganismos Xerofílicos (del griego: amantes de lo seco). En vista del corto tiempo requerido para la obtención de colonias en estas condiciones (24 hs), se determinaron los tiempos de generación de las cepas en medio líquido y adheridas al sustrato sólido (altamente deshidratado). Se encontró que en medio líquido el tiempo de generación de distintas cepas oscila entre 7 y 11 hs, en tanto que adheridas a un medio sólido deshidratado, oscila entre 20 y 30 minutos. Estos resultados se analizaron en función de la principal barrera técnico-económica de los actuales procesos biohidrometalúrgicos, caracterizados por una baja velocidad de multiplicación bacteriana. Por microscopía de scanning se analizaron las relaciones microorganismo-producto cristalino, que se establecen durante la colonización bacteriana del sustrato. Se encontró que el producto de la actividad bacteriana en medios deshidratados se encuentra en estado cristalino, y que las bacterias van quedando, al menos temporalmente, ocluídas en el cristal que forman. Por aplicación de las condiciones anteriores, se estudió el crecimiento bacteriano y la bio-oxidación de distintos sulfuros metálicos sintéticos, concentrados y minerales. Se arribó a conclusiones respecto de las condiciones que independizan el crecimiento bacteriano del nitrógeno amoniacal, sugiriendo una elevada eficiencia en la fijación de nitrógeno, en medios deshidratados. Se propone que el cristal en el que las bacterias van quedando ocluídas, protege al sistema nitrogenasa del oxigeno. Se analizó la cinética del crecimiento de T. ferrooxidans en función del aumento de la masa proteica y del contenido de agua en el medio, y su correlación con la cinética de bio-oxidación de sulfuro cúprico. Se determinó que las cepas de T. ferrooxidans son resistentes a los iones metálicos que resultan inhibidores en medio líquido, cuando el grado de deshidratación de un medio sólido es el requerido para el desarrollo óptimo de la bacteria. La obtención de plásmidos con múltiples resistencias, provenientes de especies de Thiobacillus y el conocimiento del contenido de agua en un medio sólido, en el cual el T. ferrooxidans es sensible a los iones metálicos, crean un marco más adecuado para trabajar en el desarrollo de una metodología de transformación para T. ferrooxidans. Tanto en medios ferrosos como en sulfuros metálicos, se descubrieron fenómenos de translocación bacteriana en superficies, que no habían sido descriptos en estas bacterias y que podrían aplicarse con fines tecnológicos.

Los parasitoides son organismos que se desarrollan sobre o dentro de otro único organismo, el hospedador, alimentándose a expensas de su cuerpo, y matándolo como resultado directo o indirecto de su desarrollo. Por lo tanto, el encuentro y elección del hospedador representan etapas cruciales en la determinación del fitness del parasitoide. Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera, Asilidae), en su etapa larval es un ectoparasitoide solitario de larvas de coleópteros Scarabaeidae, que ataca preferentemente al tercer estadio de la especie Cyclocephala signaticollis. La búsqueda del hospedador es compartida entre la hembra adulta, quien ovipone en el hábitat de los hospedadores adultos, y el segundo estadio larval, quien busca activamente al hospedador dentro del suelo utilizando claves químicas. Según la literatura, las larvas no se alimentan hasta que se aferran al hospedador, sobre el cual permanecen luego hasta completar su desarrollo. Las primeras larvas parasitoides nacen dos meses antes de que haya hospedadores del estadio preferido, por lo que deben esperar al hospedador en el ambiente. A pesar de que sólo una larva se desarrolla por hospedador, el superparasitismo es frecuente. En esta Tesis se estudió el uso de recursos nutricionales en las larvas parasitoides y aspectos de los hospedadores adultos que podrían influir en la detección del hábitat por parte del parasitoide adulto. La utilización de recursos por parte de larva parasitoide se evaluó en términos del uso de recursos del suelo, la inversión de reservas energéticas de las hembras y la variación temporal de dichas reservas, y la elección de hospedadores de distinta calidad. Se encontró que en sustrato natural, con humedad y a temperaturas relativamente elevadas, la proporción de larvas que mudan al segundo estadio y su supervivencia son mayores que en otras condiciones. Además, las larvas son capaces de mudar al segundo estadio sin alimentarse. Las hembras ponen igual número de huevos y asignan cantidades similares de nutrientes a principio y final de la temporada reproductiva, y las larvas tempranas y tardías utilizan los nutrientes de manera similar. En cuanto a la calidad de los hospedadores, se encontró que la ocurrencia de mono y superparasitismo es independiente del peso, tamaño o reservas energéticas del hospedador. En los hospedadores adultos se evaluó el comportamiento térmico, como posible inductor del agrupamiento de hospedadores observado en el campo, y que podría ser explotado por el parasitoide adulto en la elección de sitios de oviposición. Se encontró que los hospedadores adultos presentan ciclos diarios de endotermia, concordantes con sus ciclos de actividad, que no están controlados por el sistema circadiano, y que varían en intensidad de acuerdo a la temperatura ambiente. La endotermia no estaría relacionada con el reconocimiento entre sexos, y se espera que no represente un factor importante en el agrupamiento de los hospedadores. Esta Tesis presenta resultados que contribuyen al conocimiento del sistema M. ruficauda - C. signaticollis en particular, y al conocimiento general de la fisiología y el comportamiento de los sistemas conformados por parasitoides dípteros y sus hospedadores.

El objetivo de esta tesis fue el estudio de distintos aspectos de la biología y fisiopatología de un tumor ovárico experimental altamente luteinizado (luteoma). Se analizaron parámetros relacionados a la proliferación celular, apoptosis, capacidad de síntesis esteroidogénica y de secreción del tumor. Se halló que el luteoma se desarrollaría preferentemente por hipertrofia y proliferación de células foliculares y una marcada ausencia de apoptosis. Además se detectó la síntesis de las distintas subunidades de inhibina a lo largo de 7 meses de desarrollo tumoral; se evidenciaron patrones fluctuantes a lo largo del tiempo para las subunidades β, que correlacionan estrechamente con los niveles séricos de FSH, demostrando así que tejido altamente luteinizado es capaz de producir inhibinas. Posteriormente, se estudió el camino de señalización de un análogo superactivo del GnRH, Buserelina, en células provenientes del luteoma, evidenciando que el camino clásico de transducción de señales acoplado al receptor de GnRH se encontraba alterado y hallándose los caminos altemativos activados por el decapéptido. Por otro lado, se puso de manifiesto la expresión del mRNA y del péptido de GnRH en células del luteoma, postulándose para el mismo un papel autocrino/paracrino en dicho tejido. Finalmente, evaluamos el efecto de drogas inmunosupresoras, Ciclosporina A y Dexametasona, sobre el desarrollo del tumor in vivo en comparación con animales con operación ficticia (Sham) a lo largo de 7 semanas. Los resultados indicaron que, a pesar de ser efectiva la inmunosupresión inducida por estas drogas sobre variables inmunológicas, las mismas no afectaron el desarrollo tumoral. A diferencia de los animales portadores del tumor, en animales Sham la Ciclosporina A indujo efectos sobre varios parámetros, sugiriendo la presencia de factor/es secretado/s por el tumor que impiden o compensan algunas de las acciones de la droga. Estos estudios aportaron nuevos conocimientos acerca de caracteristicas relacionadas al desarrollo y capacidad de síntesis y secreción del luteoma, como así también de caminos de señalización del receptor de GnRH y comportamiento del tumor bajo tratamiento con drogas inmunosupresoras.

Martínez, Daniela

Trabajo Final (Especialización en Tecnologías Multimedia para Desarrollos Educativos)--UNC- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2016.

The role of communities associated to a substrate as fundamental components of an aquatic system has been recognized by many authors. Although periphyton has been considered of great importance in shallow lakes, its inclusion in different ecological models has been unusual. Phillips et al. (1978) were the first in considering epiphyton as an internal mechanism leading the system to a change in its state from greater water transparecy to more turbid conditions. In contrast, Scheffer et al. (1993) proposed the Alternative Equilibria Hypothesis (AEH), which considers that a shallow lake can alternate between two states, a Clear Water State (stabilized by the presence of submerged macrophytes) and a Turbid Water State (stabilized by an elevated phytoplankton biomass), excluding in this scheme the periphytic communities. Later only the conceptual model coined by Goldsborough and Robinson (1996, G&R model) emphasizes again the importance of epiphyton as well as that of epipelon and metaphyton by establishing the possibility of occurrence of four states according to the contributions to the total algal biomass of each of the algal taxocenosis. Some analyses of the system’s dynamics have been performed in pampean lakes in the context of the AEH. On the other hand, knowledge regarding periphytic and benthic communities is still poor. We propose as an hypothesis that phytoperiphyton will respond to the occurrence of different equilibria states, displaying, at the same time, strong interrelationships with the phytobenthos as well as with the phytoplankton. On the other hand, we consider the possibility that the phytoperiphytic and phytobenthic assemblages may function as internal mechanisms both, as state change or as state stability factors. Finally, we assess the importance of phytoperiphyton as regards its contributions to the total algal biomass in the context of the G&R model, comparing then the results with those obtained in the case of the AEH. The general objectives of the present investigation are to gather information about the structure and dynamics of the phytoperiphyton and its relationships with environmental factors as well as with the phytobenthon and phytoplankton in a pampean shallow lake; and to analyze phytoperiphytic dynamics under the AEH and the G&R model contexts, evaluating periphytic contributions to the total algal biomass. This investigation was carried out in an seepage shallow lake, Lacombe Lake, which is included in the “Grupo Marginal de lagunas” group in the pericoastal region of Provincia de Buenos Aires. Sampling was performed from July 2001 to June 2002 at four sites according to their exposure to environmental factors and the presence of macrophytes: bulrush beds, (JP and JC); and sites devoided of emergent vegetation but with stands of submerged macrophytes during the growing season (ALe and ALr). J sites and ALe were also representative of deeper zones and ALr of a site near the shore. Environmental variables were measured in situ and water samples were collected for chemical analysis and for plankton identification and quantification, following a vertical profile (excepting in ALr). In the case of phytoperiphyton, bulrush epiphyte samples (epiphyton) were taken following a vertical profile and those of submerged macrophytes were collected from the first 25 cm of the stems. Benthon (epipelon) was sampled using a corer. Aliquots for chemical analysis were also extracted from those samples. Vegetal substrate dynamics was also evaluated during sampling. At the laboratory, concentrations of algal nutrients, of the eight principal ions and of soluble polyphenols, as well as alkalinity and total hardness were measured. Phytoplanktonic, epiphytic and epipelic samples were treated for active a chlorophyll and pheopigment determinations. Organism identification and quantification were made according to standardized and own developed methods. First, variations in biotic and abiotic variables were analyzed for the determination of different equilibrium states occurrence. Three perturbation events were registered: precipitations in August, October and March. All of them involved water level increases and conductivity diminutions. Especially in the first two events, nutrient input from runoff was observed; meanwhile in March the input of water determined the dilution in nutrients concentrations. On the other hand, light conditions improved, particularly from October onwards, when stands of submerged macrophytes developed and a decrease of phytoplankton density and a change in its specific composition was detected. The latter being generated by the dilution effects of water input, the shading of the aquatic plants and algal consumption by cladocerans. March event also involved an improvement of light underwater climate but the increase in the water level affected macrophyte stands which mainly withdrawed to the shallowest zones. As regards phytoplankton, changes in the specific composition were recorded again. The statistic evaluation of these facts in conjunction with the analysis of permanence, resiliency and resistance properties of the dominating taxocenosis leads to interpret in the context of the AEH that two equilibria states occurred in the shallow lake. During the first three months a Turbid Water State developed, given by the phytoplankton domination given by an oscilatorial cyanophyte, minor transparency and relatively higher nutrient concentrations. In October and November the passage between states occurred, thus considering these months as transitional. From December onwards a Clear Water State established given by extended development of stands of submerged macrophytes, greater water transparency and minor nutrient concentrations. Finally, from March to May, given the submerged macrophyte withdrawal to shallowest sectors it can be interpreted that the system oscillated around a clear water state, or else, taking into account changes in the planktonic community, it is suggested that a third different state established, the “mixed phytoplankton” state. It is also suggested that states developed in Lacombe could be alternative. Next, the structure and dynamics of phytoperiphyton on bulrush and submerged macrophytes was analyzed. Vertical spatial and temporal variations of bulrush epiphyton showed to be more important than differences between sites. These variations involved smaller biomass values and a simpler physiognomy during turbid water phase and along the vertical gradient in all sampling occasions. In October, related to better light underwater conditions and the nutrient input, epiphytic biomass increased, principally promoted by species typical of the turbid phase. Nonetheless, a structural change started in this month, driven by herbivores but also by the modification of internal relationships between members of the same taxocenosis (shading and less bare substrate to be colonized). This resulted in the establishment of the characteristic assemblages of the clear water phase. During the first three months domination by stalked diatoms structured the community in a unique stratum, resistant to the less favourable light conditions and resilient to August perturbations. From December onwards Spirogyra species dominated, constituting the upper stratum, followed by Oedogonium species in the middle stratum and diatoms in the lower one. These assemblages were stabilized by mechanisms mainly displayed by the zignematalean taxon (shading, epifitism inhibition), allowing to considerer that they were resilient to March perturbation event (de novo establishment on non previously colonized surfaces). In face of the permanence, resistance and resilience properties showed by the taxocenosis, two different states of bulrush phytoperiphyton are considered: turbid water and clear water assemblages. This temporal pattern appeared less well delimited with depth and showed up later in time. Epiphyton data suggested that both states could be alternative. Differences between sites could be observed in respect to phytoperiphyton growing on submerged macrophytes, but the same temporal pattern showed by bulrush periphyton couldn’t be detected due to a great variability in the data gathered. In the next section, the analysis of the structure and dynamics of the phytobenton was carried out. It was showed that differences between the deepest sampling points and the shallowest site were greater than temporal ones. The composition of the assemblages was scarcely variable in time. The taxocenosis was principally related to the poor light conditions recorded on the sediment surface throughout the entire sampling period, even during the clear water phase. The examination of the specific composition in function of its origin evidenced the influence that the epipelon receives from other taxocenosis, constituting a refuge site for allochthonous taxa during unfavourable situations. The scarce variability of the epipelic fraction is also showed. In this way, it is considered that the taxocenosis maintained itself in only one state, indifferent to state changes in the lake and principally resisting the darkness and bearing to live in the unstable sediments. Subsequently, first the roles of the phytoperiphyton and complementary those of phytobenton, as state change or state stability agents were evaluated. The harmful effect of the phytoperiphyton on submerged macrophytes was probably counteracted by plant ramification production and allelopathy. The evidence suggested that its role as nutrient sequestrator is of minor importance in this case, due to other factors that might have disturbed phytoplankton more intensely than competition with phytoperiphyton. Much evidence supported the role of phytobenton as a source of epiphytic and planktonic species belonging either to turbid and clear water state assemblages. The results did not support the hypothesis that phytobenton may play a role as a sediment-stabilizing factor. On the contrary, it may be perturbating agent. Next, an analysis of the contributions of each community to the total algal biomass in the context of the G&R model was performed. Comparisons with AEH results were also carried out. This leaded to the consideration of the occurrence of the following states in Lacombe Lake: a Lake State consistent with the Turbid Water phase, an Open State consistent with the Clear Water phase and local Dry States in ALr site occurred both during the turbid water phase (July) or the clear water situation (March-April). The substantial contribution of epiphyton especially, that growing on submerged macrophytes, is emphasized. The importance of the discrimination of different fractions of epipelon material according to its origin when evaluating the contributions of each community to total algal biomass is also highlighted. Finally, a new interpretation is presented based on algal taxocenosis dynamics, which incorporates elements from both, the AEH and the G&R model. In conclusion, phytoperiphyton in this pampean shallow lake is strongly affected by the factors that determine the establishment or passage from one equilibrium state to another. These assemblages respond to changes through modifications in their own internal structure. These structures gradually alter with depth, remaining these changes more fully explained by the comparison with phytobenton dynamics. Besides the possible roles that the taxocenosis might undertake as an internal mechanism in the change or stabilization of systems states in different situations other than those encountered during this study, epiphyton importance in the systems context, is principally evidenced by the great contribution that these taxocenosis make to the total algal biomass, constituting the dominant compartment during clear water states.

The role of communities associated to a substrate as fundamental components of an aquatic system has been recognized by many authors. Although periphyton has been considered of great importance in shallow lakes, its inclusion in different ecological models has been unusual. Phillips et al. (1978) were the first in considering epiphyton as an internal mechanism leading the system to a change in its state from greater water transparecy to more turbid conditions. In contrast, Scheffer et al. (1993) proposed the Alternative Equilibria Hypothesis (AEH), which considers that a shallow lake can alternate between two states, a Clear Water State (stabilized by the presence of submerged macrophytes) and a Turbid Water State (stabilized by an elevated phytoplankton biomass), excluding in this scheme the periphytic communities. Later only the conceptual model coined by Goldsborough and Robinson (1996, G&R model) emphasizes again the importance of epiphyton as well as that of epipelon and metaphyton by establishing the possibility of occurrence of four states according to the contributions to the total algal biomass of each of the algal taxocenosis. Some analyses of the system’s dynamics have been performed in pampean lakes in the context of the AEH. On the other hand, knowledge regarding periphytic and benthic communities is still poor. We propose as an hypothesis that phytoperiphyton will respond to the occurrence of different equilibria states, displaying, at the same time, strong interrelationships with the phytobenthos as well as with the phytoplankton. On the other hand, we consider the possibility that the phytoperiphytic and phytobenthic assemblages may function as internal mechanisms both, as state change or as state stability factors. Finally, we assess the importance of phytoperiphyton as regards its contributions to the total algal biomass in the context of the G&R model, comparing then the results with those obtained in the case of the AEH. The general objectives of the present investigation are to gather information about the structure and dynamics of the phytoperiphyton and its relationships with environmental factors as well as with the phytobenthon and phytoplankton in a pampean shallow lake; and to analyze phytoperiphytic dynamics under the AEH and the G&R model contexts, evaluating periphytic contributions to the total algal biomass. This investigation was carried out in an seepage shallow lake, Lacombe Lake, which is included in the “Grupo Marginal de lagunas” group in the pericoastal region of Provincia de Buenos Aires. Sampling was performed from July 2001 to June 2002 at four sites according to their exposure to environmental factors and the presence of macrophytes: bulrush beds, (JP and JC); and sites devoided of emergent vegetation but with stands of submerged macrophytes during the growing season (ALe and ALr). J sites and ALe were also representative of deeper zones and ALr of a site near the shore. Environmental variables were measured in situ and water samples were collected for chemical analysis and for plankton identification and quantification, following a vertical profile (excepting in ALr). In the case of phytoperiphyton, bulrush epiphyte samples (epiphyton) were taken following a vertical profile and those of submerged macrophytes were collected from the first 25 cm of the stems. Benthon (epipelon) was sampled using a corer. Aliquots for chemical analysis were also extracted from those samples. Vegetal substrate dynamics was also evaluated during sampling. At the laboratory, concentrations of algal nutrients, of the eight principal ions and of soluble polyphenols, as well as alkalinity and total hardness were measured. Phytoplanktonic, epiphytic and epipelic samples were treated for active a chlorophyll and pheopigment determinations. Organism identification and quantification were made according to standardized and own developed methods. First, variations in biotic and abiotic variables were analyzed for the determination of different equilibrium states occurrence. Three perturbation events were registered: precipitations in August, October and March. All of them involved water level increases and conductivity diminutions. Especially in the first two events, nutrient input from runoff was observed; meanwhile in March the input of water determined the dilution in nutrients concentrations. On the other hand, light conditions improved, particularly from October onwards, when stands of submerged macrophytes developed and a decrease of phytoplankton density and a change in its specific composition was detected. The latter being generated by the dilution effects of water input, the shading of the aquatic plants and algal consumption by cladocerans. March event also involved an improvement of light underwater climate but the increase in the water level affected macrophyte stands which mainly withdrawed to the shallowest zones. As regards phytoplankton, changes in the specific composition were recorded again. The statistic evaluation of these facts in conjunction with the analysis of permanence, resiliency and resistance properties of the dominating taxocenosis leads to interpret in the context of the AEH that two equilibria states occurred in the shallow lake. During the first three months a Turbid Water State developed, given by the phytoplankton domination given by an oscilatorial cyanophyte, minor transparency and relatively higher nutrient concentrations. In October and November the passage between states occurred, thus considering these months as transitional. From December onwards a Clear Water State established given by extended development of stands of submerged macrophytes, greater water transparency and minor nutrient concentrations. Finally, from March to May, given the submerged macrophyte withdrawal to shallowest sectors it can be interpreted that the system oscillated around a clear water state, or else, taking into account changes in the planktonic community, it is suggested that a third different state established, the “mixed phytoplankton” state. It is also suggested that states developed in Lacombe could be alternative. Next, the structure and dynamics of phytoperiphyton on bulrush and submerged macrophytes was analyzed. Vertical spatial and temporal variations of bulrush epiphyton showed to be more important than differences between sites. These variations involved smaller biomass values and a simpler physiognomy during turbid water phase and along the vertical gradient in all sampling occasions. In October, related to better light underwater conditions and the nutrient input, epiphytic biomass increased, principally promoted by species typical of the turbid phase. Nonetheless, a structural change started in this month, driven by herbivores but also by the modification of internal relationships between members of the same taxocenosis (shading and less bare substrate to be colonized). This resulted in the establishment of the characteristic assemblages of the clear water phase. During the first three months domination by stalked diatoms structured the community in a unique stratum, resistant to the less favourable light conditions and resilient to August perturbations. From December onwards Spirogyra species dominated, constituting the upper stratum, followed by Oedogonium species in the middle stratum and diatoms in the lower one. These assemblages were stabilized by mechanisms mainly displayed by the zignematalean taxon (shading, epifitism inhibition), allowing to considerer that they were resilient to March perturbation event (de novo establishment on non previously colonized surfaces). In face of the permanence, resistance and resilience properties showed by the taxocenosis, two different states of bulrush phytoperiphyton are considered: turbid water and clear water assemblages. This temporal pattern appeared less well delimited with depth and showed up later in time. Epiphyton data suggested that both states could be alternative. Differences between sites could be observed in respect to phytoperiphyton growing on submerged macrophytes, but the same temporal pattern showed by bulrush periphyton couldn’t be detected due to a great variability in the data gathered. In the next section, the analysis of the structure and dynamics of the phytobenton was carried out. It was showed that differences between the deepest sampling points and the shallowest site were greater than temporal ones. The composition of the assemblages was scarcely variable in time. The taxocenosis was principally related to the poor light conditions recorded on the sediment surface throughout the entire sampling period, even during the clear water phase. The examination of the specific composition in function of its origin evidenced the influence that the epipelon receives from other taxocenosis, constituting a refuge site for allochthonous taxa during unfavourable situations. The scarce variability of the epipelic fraction is also showed. In this way, it is considered that the taxocenosis maintained itself in only one state, indifferent to state changes in the lake and principally resisting the darkness and bearing to live in the unstable sediments. Subsequently, first the roles of the phytoperiphyton and complementary those of phytobenton, as state change or state stability agents were evaluated. The harmful effect of the phytoperiphyton on submerged macrophytes was probably counteracted by plant ramification production and allelopathy. The evidence suggested that its role as nutrient sequestrator is of minor importance in this case, due to other factors that might have disturbed phytoplankton more intensely than competition with phytoperiphyton. Much evidence supported the role of phytobenton as a source of epiphytic and planktonic species belonging either to turbid and clear water state assemblages. The results did not support the hypothesis that phytobenton may play a role as a sediment-stabilizing factor. On the contrary, it may be perturbating agent. Next, an analysis of the contributions of each community to the total algal biomass in the context of the G&R model was performed. Comparisons with AEH results were also carried out. This leaded to the consideration of the occurrence of the following states in Lacombe Lake: a Lake State consistent with the Turbid Water phase, an Open State consistent with the Clear Water phase and local Dry States in ALr site occurred both during the turbid water phase (July) or the clear water situation (March-April). The substantial contribution of epiphyton especially, that growing on submerged macrophytes, is emphasized. The importance of the discrimination of different fractions of epipelon material according to its origin when evaluating the contributions of each community to total algal biomass is also highlighted. Finally, a new interpretation is presented based on algal taxocenosis dynamics, which incorporates elements from both, the AEH and the G&R model. In conclusion, phytoperiphyton in this pampean shallow lake is strongly affected by the factors that determine the establishment or passage from one equilibrium state to another. These assemblages respond to changes through modifications in their own internal structure. These structures gradually alter with depth, remaining these changes more fully explained by the comparison with phytobenton dynamics. Besides the possible roles that the taxocenosis might undertake as an internal mechanism in the change or stabilization of systems states in different situations other than those encountered during this study, epiphyton importance in the systems context, is principally evidenced by the great contribution that these taxocenosis make to the total algal biomass, constituting the dominant compartment during clear water states.

Fil:Izaguirre, Irina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

Fil:Ventrice, María Rosa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.