Catálogo de publicaciones - revistas

<jats:p>Zhao Liping combines traditional Chinese medicine and studies of gut microbes to understand and fight obesity.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The Chinese are testing piglets, which have an anatomy and immune system close to those of people along with an omnivorous diet and a similar digestive tract, as a new model for human microbiome research.</jats:p>

<jats:p>Exploring our gut microbial communities with new tools is allowing us to revisit old questions; to develop new concepts about our evolution, postnatal development, systems physiology, individuality, and definitions of health; and to further delineate the impact of our changing life-styles. It is also allowing us to envision exciting new ways for addressing global health problems. This area is inherently interdisciplinary, offering a wealth of opportunities to create new fields, partnerships, and educational initiatives. It is captivating to the public and carries substantial expectations. As such, participating scientists need to sponsor proactive, solution-focused discussions of its societal implications.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The trillions of microbes associated with the human body are a key part of a comprehensive view of pharmacology. A mechanistic understanding of how the gut microbiota directly and indirectly affects drug metabolism is beginning to emerge.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The human-microbial ecosystem plays a variety of important roles in human health and disease. Each person can be viewed as an island-like “patch” of habitat occupied by microbial assemblages formed by the fundamental processes of community ecology: dispersal, local diversification, environmental selection, and ecological drift. Community assembly theory, and metacommunity theory in particular, provides a framework for understanding the ecological dynamics of the human microbiome, such as compositional variability within and between hosts. We explore three core scenarios of human microbiome assembly: development in infants, representing assembly in previously unoccupied habitats; recovery from antibiotics, representing assembly after disturbance; and invasion by pathogens, representing assembly in the context of invasive species. Judicious application of ecological theory may lead to improved strategies for restoring and maintaining the microbiota and the crucial health-associated ecosystem services that it provides.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The composition and activity of the gut microbiota codevelop with the host from birth and is subject to a complex interplay that depends on the host genome, nutrition, and life-style. The gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of multiple host metabolic pathways, giving rise to interactive host-microbiota metabolic, signaling, and immune-inflammatory axes that physiologically connect the gut, liver, muscle, and brain. A deeper understanding of these axes is a prerequisite for optimizing therapeutic strategies to manipulate the gut microbiota to combat disease and improve health.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The large numbers of microorganisms that inhabit mammalian body surfaces have a highly coevolved relationship with the immune system. Although many of these microbes carry out functions that are critical for host physiology, they nevertheless pose the threat of breach with ensuing pathologies. The mammalian immune system plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis with resident microbial communities, thus ensuring that the mutualistic nature of the host-microbial relationship is maintained. At the same time, resident bacteria profoundly shape mammalian immunity. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the interactions between resident microbes and the immune system and the implications of these findings for human health.</jats:p>

<jats:p>The structure of a virus linked to neurological disease reveals how drugs targeting viruses in this family can be modified.</jats:p>

<jats:title>Hammering Home the Lesson</jats:title> <jats:p> Stomatopods are marine crustaceans that use hammerlike claws for defense and to attack their prey. The claws undergo repeated high-velocity and high-force impacts. <jats:bold> Weaver <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1275" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="336" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1218764">1275</jats:related-article> ; see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6086" page="1237" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="336" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1222642">Tanner</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ) used a variety of techniques to examine the structure, mechanical behavior, and toughening mechanisms of the claw of the Peacock Mantis shrimp. The claw's composite structure is optimized for toughness, which helps to prevent the complete failure that might arise from the claw's repetitive hammering. </jats:p>

<jats:title>Extending Quantum Memory</jats:title> <jats:p> Practical applications in quantum communication and quantum computation require the building blocks—quantum bits and quantum memory—to be sufficiently robust and long-lived to allow for manipulation and storage (see the Perspective by <jats:bold> <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6086" page="1239" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="336" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1223439">Boehme and McCarney</jats:related-article> </jats:bold> ). <jats:bold> Steger <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1280" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="336" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1217635">1280</jats:related-article> ) demonstrate that the nuclear spins of <jats:sup>31</jats:sup> P impurities in an almost isotopically pure sample of <jats:sup>28</jats:sup> Si can have a coherence time of as long as 192 seconds at a temperature of ∼1.7 K. In diamond at room temperature, <jats:bold> Maurer <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> </jats:bold> (p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" page="1283" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="336" xlink:href="10.1126/science.1220513">1283</jats:related-article> ) show that a spin-based qubit system comprised of an isotopic impurity ( <jats:sup>13</jats:sup> C) in the vicinity of a color defect (a nitrogen-vacancy center) could be manipulated to have a coherence time exceeding one second. Such lifetimes promise to make spin-based architectures feasible building blocks for quantum information science. </jats:p>