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<jats:title>The when, where, and how of translation</jats:title> <jats:p> High-resolution single-molecule imaging shows the spatial and temporal dynamics of molecular events (see the Perspective by Iwasaki and Ingolia). Wu <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> and Morisaki <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an approach to study the translation of single messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in live cells. Nascent polypeptides containing multimerized epitopes were imaged with fluorescent antibody fragments, while simultaneously detecting the single mRNAs using a different fluorescent tag. The approach enabled a direct readout of initiation and elongation, as well as revealing the spatial distribution of translation and allowing the correlation of polysome motility with translation dynamics. Membrane-targeted mRNAs could be distinguished from cytoplasmic mRNAs, as could single polysomes from higher-order polysomal complexes. Furthermore, the work reveals the stochasticity of translation, which can occur constitutively or in bursts, much like transcription, and the spatial regulation of translation in neuronal dendrites. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1430" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaf1084">1430</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1425" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaf0899">1425</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1391" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aag1039">1391</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>The when, where, and how of translation</jats:title> <jats:p> High-resolution single-molecule imaging shows the spatial and temporal dynamics of molecular events (see the Perspective by Iwasaki and Ingolia). Wu <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> and Morisaki <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> developed an approach to study the translation of single messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in live cells. Nascent polypeptides containing multimerized epitopes were imaged with fluorescent antibody fragments, while simultaneously detecting the single mRNAs using a different fluorescent tag. The approach enabled a direct readout of initiation and elongation, as well as revealing the spatial distribution of translation and allowing the correlation of polysome motility with translation dynamics. Membrane-targeted mRNAs could be distinguished from cytoplasmic mRNAs, as could single polysomes from higher-order polysomal complexes. Furthermore, the work reveals the stochasticity of translation, which can occur constitutively or in bursts, much like transcription, and the spatial regulation of translation in neuronal dendrites. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1430" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaf1084">1430</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1425" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaf0899">1425</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1391" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aag1039">1391</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>A dietary supplement protects aging muscle</jats:title> <jats:p> The oxidized form of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ) is critical for mitochondrial function, and its supplementation can lead to increased longevity. Zhang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> found that feeding the NAD <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR) to aging mice protected them from muscle degeneration (see the Perspective by Guarente). NR treatment enhanced muscle function and also protected mice from the loss of muscle stem cells. The treatment was similarly protective of neural and melanocyte stem cells, which may have contributed to the extended life span of the NR-treated animals. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1436" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aaf2693">1436</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6292" page="1396" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="352" xlink:href="10.1126/science.aag1718">1396</jats:related-article> </jats:p>