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<jats:title>Schistosome biology illuminated</jats:title> <jats:p> Schistosomiasis is caused by a parasitic flatworm about which little is known. Therefore, options to combat human disease caused by schistosome infection are limited. To aid in our quest to develop treatments, two studies undertook molecular investigations of the parasite <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni</jats:italic> . By generating a single-cell atlas, Wendt <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> identified the developmental trajectory of the flatworm, including the blood-feeding gut required for its survival in the host. From these data, they found a gene required for gut development that, when knocked out through RNA interference, confers reduced pathology in infected mice. Wang <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> performed a large-scale RNA interference survey of <jats:italic>S. mansoni</jats:italic> and identified an essential pair of protein kinases that can be targeted by approved pharmacological intervention (see the Perspective by Anderson and Duraisingh). These molecular investigations add to our understanding of the schistosome parasite and provide biological information that may help to combat this neglected tropical disease. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6511" page="1644" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="369" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abb7709">1644</jats:related-article> , p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6511" page="1649" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="369" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abb7699">1649</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6511" page="1562" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="369" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abe0710">1562</jats:related-article> </jats:p>

<jats:title>Y chromosome evolution in Neanderthals</jats:title> <jats:p> The genomes of archaic hominins have been sequenced and compared with that of modern humans. However, most archaic individuals with high-quality sequences available have been female. Petr <jats:italic>et al.</jats:italic> performed targeted sequencing of the paternally inherited Y chromosomes from three Neanderthals and two Denisovans (see the Perspective by Schierup). Comparisons with available archaic and diverse modern human Y chromosomes indicated that, similar to the maternally inherited mitochondria, the human and Neanderthal Y chromosomes were more closely related to each other compared with the Denisovan Y chromosome. This result supports the conclusion that interbreeding between early humans and Neanderthals and selection replaced the more ancient Denisovian-like Y chromosome and mitochondria in Neanderthals. </jats:p> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Science</jats:italic> , this issue p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6511" page="1653" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="369" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abb6460">1653</jats:related-article> ; see also p. <jats:related-article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="doi" issue="6511" page="1565" related-article-type="in-this-issue" vol="369" xlink:href="10.1126/science.abe2766">1565</jats:related-article> </jats:p>